The George Frederick Clarke Artifact Collection
Project bibliography
Stone tools from the GFC Artifact Collection formed the basis for: Cummings, Joshua A., and David W. Black 2024. “Evidence for Late Archaic Period Occupation in Interior Riverine New Brunswick.” Poster presented at the 91st annual meeting of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation in Newport, Rhode Island, USA.
Projectile points from the GFC Artifact Collection qre analysed and illustrated in: Schweitzer, Paul A. 2023. A Point in Time: An Analysis of the Atlatl-Bow Transition in the Maritime Peninsula during the Maritime Woodland Period Master of Arts thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick.
A ground stone object from the GFC Artifact Collection is described and illustrated in: Hrynick, M. Gabriel, M.W. Betts and D.W. Black 2022. Phallic Effigies from the Maritime Peninsula. Northeast Anthropology 89:41-51.
Ceramic sherds from the GFC Artifact Collection are illustrated and analyzed in: Woolsey, Cora A. 2022. The Changing Role of Ceramics during the Woodland Period in the Far Northeast: Evidence from some large Ceramic Assemblages in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In K.R. Holyoke and M.G. Hrynick (eds.), The Far Northeast: 3000 BP to Contact, pp. 381-440. Mercury Series, Archaeology Paper 181. Canadian Museum of History and the University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, Ontario.
Kenneth R. Holyoke (Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Lethbridge) requested information on “hooks” in the GFC Artifact Collection as part of research he conducted for the Wolastoqey Nation in New Brunswick. The collection includes two flaked stone pieces that resemble bone fishhooks in shape, and one hook-shaped ground stone plummet.
A recent publication sheds light on GFC’s archaeological activities during the 1930s: Kapches, Mima B. 2021. Canadians and the Founding of the Society for American Archaeology (1934–1940s). Canadian Journal of Archaeology 45(1):53-76. Table 1 (p. 62) in this paper indicates that George F. Clarke, Woodstock, NB was an associate member of the Society for American Archaeology, having been nominated in 1937 by William J. Wintemberg (of what was then the Dominion Museum, now the Canadian Museum of History). A paragraph (on p. 66) presents further information about the nomination and briefly summarizes GFC's archaeological work.
Author and UNB Alumna Mary Bernard (and grand daughter of GFC) has been profiled in the Sept. 2018 edition of UNB Alumni News.
An artifact assemblage recovered by GFC from one of the most famous archaeological sites in New Brunswick is reported in: Pelletier-Michaud, Alexandre. 2017. The Bristol-Shiktehawk bifaces and Early Woodland ceremonialism in the middle St. John Valley, New Brunswick. Master of Arts thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick.
The Ramah Chert artifacts in the GFC Artifact Collection are referred to in a recent publication: Loring, Stephen 2017. "To the uttermost ends of the earth... Ramah 
chert in time and space." In J.E. Curtis and P.M. Desrosiers (eds.), Ramah Chert: A Lithic Odyssey. Nunavic Archaeology Monograph Series No. 4, pp. 169-219. Parks Canada and Nunavic Publications, Westmount, Quebec.
Blair, Susan E., C.E. Shaw, M.G. Hrynick, A. Pelletier-Michaud, W.J. Webb and D.W. Black 2017. “Certain Inevitable Conclusions”: Edwin Tappan Adney, George Frederick Clarke and the Lane’s Creek “Sweat Bath.” Paper presented at the 50th annual meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, Ottawa, Ontario.
Black, D.W. 2017. Some Remarks on the Occasion of the Publication of the fourth edition of Someone Before Us. - Someone Before Us Book Launch (video)
UNB–Anthropology has contributed archival photographs and photographs of artifacts from the GFC Artifact Collection to: Clarke, George Frederick 2016. Someone Before Us: Buried History in Central New Brunswick. Fourth edition, edited by Mary Bernard. Afterword by David W. Black. Woodstock, N.B., Chapel Street Editions.
Author Mary Bernard consulted archival material associated with the GFC Artifact Collection in researching her biography of Dr. Clarke:Bernard, Mary 2015. The Last Romantic: The Life of George Frederick Clarke, Master Storyteller of New Brunswick. Woodstock, N.B., Chapel Street Editions.
Ground stone tools from the GFC Artifact Collection are analyzed in: Brzezicki, Ashley B. 2015. Getting a Handle on Ground Stone: A Technological Analysis of the Ground Stone Axes, Adzes, and Gouges in the George Frederick Clarke Collection. Master of Arts thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Black, D. W. 2013. The George Frederick Clarke Artifact Collection: Canoe, Portage and Fishing Connections. - George Frederick Clarke Artifact Collection (Video)
Artist Peter Powning used casts of some of the artifacts from The George Frederick Clarke Artifact Collection in his sculpture "Shards of Time," installed on the Saint John NB waterfront in 2014.
Woolsey, Cora A. 2013. “For My Indian Friends”: The George Frederick Clarke Artifact Collection and Its Place in New Brunswick’s Archaeological History. In P. Erickson and J. Fowler (eds.), Underground New Brunswick: Stories of Archaeology pp. 37-46. Halifax, Nimbus Publishing.
Pilger, N., E. Higgins, S. Price and S. Kingston 2012. George Frederick Clarke: Avocational Archaeologist. Poster prepared for the George Frederick Clarke Archaeological Teaching Laboratory.
Howard, C., M. Cornfield, K. Elaschuk, C. Levesque and M. Wile. 2011. Encircling the Four-Sided Triangle: Making Sense of a Wayward Artifact Collection. Poster presented at the 44th annual meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Woolsey, C.A., and D.W. Black 2011. Recent Research on the Manufacture of Pre-Contact Ceramics from Central New Brunswick using the George Frederick Clarke Collection. Paper presented at the 44th annual meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Indigenous ceramics from the GFC Artifact Collection are analyzed in: Woolsey, Cora A. 2010. Ceramic Sherds in the George Frederick Clarke Collection: A Technological Approach. Master of Arts thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Lewis, A.L., W.A. McGrath, A.J. Tims and W.J. Webb. 2009. Ones That Didn’t Get Away: George Frederick Clarke’s Story of Fishing and Archaeology. Poster prepared for the George Frederick Clarke Archaeological Teaching Laboratory.
Woolsey, C.A., A.E. Thornton. C.C. Thériault, K.A. Roesler, R.A. Nicholas, A. Morrison, S.E. Little, K.R. Holyoke and S.C. Durham. 2008. Unsolved Mysteries of New Brunswick Archaeology: Selections from the George Frederick Clarke Collection. Poster presented at the 41st annual meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, Peterborough, Ontario.
Black, D.W. 2008. The George Frederick Clarke Archaeological Collection: Canoe and Portage Connections. Paper presented at the 41st annual meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, Peterborough, Ontario.
McIntosh, M. 2007. Handing Over History. Canadian Geographic 127(5):24.
The St. John River Society. 2007. UNB Receives Donation of Important Archaeological Artifacts. The River (summer edition):4.
Related resources
- My New Brunswick: Dr. George Frederick Clarke
- Chapel Street Editions, Woodstock, New Brunswick - The George Frederick Clarke Project
- Atlantic Salmon Museum, Doaktown, New Brunswick
- New Brunswick Public Library Service, L.P. Fisher Public Library, Woodstock, New Brunswick
- Canadian Museum of Civilization - The Lure of the River. Sport Fishing in New Brunswick. Everyone A Fisherman.
- Canada’s Historic Places: The George Frederick Clarke House
- Sammy Solo: The Maliseet Trail
- Wikipedia: George Frederick Clarke
