Isdore Chola Shamputa

Associate Professor

PhD, RN, CCCI

Nursing and Health Sciences

Irving Hall 323

Saint John

chola.shamputa@unb.ca
1 506 648 5568



Other titles

Adjunct, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick

Education summary

  • Canadian Certified Clinical Instructor, Canadian Nurse Educator Institute
  • Certification - JBI for Systematic Reviews
  • Diploma in University Teaching, University of New Brunswick, Canada
  • BSc (Nursing), Dalhousie University, Canada
  • Certification - Canadian College of Microbiologists, Canada
  • Postdoctoral Fellow, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  • PhD (Medical Sciences), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
  • MSc (Medical & Pharmaceutical Research), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
  • BSc (Biology/Chemistry), University of Zambia

Key areas of interest

  • Infectious diseases – tuberculosis
  • Newcomers’ & Seniors' health
  • Interprofessional education and collaboration

Teaching summary at UNB

Undergraduate

  • NURS 2132: Pharmacology (Class)
  • BIOL 2852: Pathophysiology II (Class)
  • NURS 3067: Community Development (Clinical)
  • NURS 3073: Concentrated Clinical Practice II (clinical)
  • NURS 4322: Nursing in Complex Situations (Clinical)
  • NURS 4152: Concentrated Clinical Practicum III

Graduate

  • Supervise students' theses
  • NURS 6234: Independent Study
  • AHS 6998: Residency

Funding

2022-2023. University of New Brunswick (Work Study Program). Title: Optimizing Tuberculosis Screening for Newcomers to southern New Brunswick. PI: I. C. Shamputa - $750.

2022-2022. QIAGEN Inc. (Maryland, United States). Title: Optimizing Tuberculosis Screening for Newcomers in Southern New Brunswick: A Pilot Study. Article publication contribution. PI: I. C. Shamputa, K. Barker & D. Webster - $1,092

2022-2022. New Brunswick Health Research Fund (NBHRF) Summer Studentship grant 2022-21. PI: I.C. Shamputa - $6,000

2021-2024. NBIF-Emerging projects. Title: Optimizing Tuberculosis Screening for Newcomers to Southern New Brunswick. PI: I. C. Shamputa. Co-I: D. Nguyen, D. Webster, K. Barker, A. Abdelhadi & H. MacKenzie - $19,918

2021-2022. New Brunswick Department of Environment and Local Government (Environmental Trust Fund). Title: An Investigation of Single-Use Plastics in Healthcare. Co-PIs: I.C. Shamputa & R. McCloskey - $40,000.

2021-2023. Chesley Family Research Endowment Fund and the New Brunswick Health Research Foundation (NBHRF). Title: Latent tuberculosis screening among newcomers in southern New Brunswick - A Pilot Study. D. Webster (PI). Co-I’s: I. C. Shamputa, K. Barker, D. Nguyen, L. Gharbiya, P. Thompson-Bourque, G. Haycox, H. MacKenzie, M. Burns, T. Burdo, N. Nguyen - $9,209.

2020-2021. New Brunswick Health Research Fund (NBHRF) Summer Studentship grant 2020-21. PI: I.C. Shamputa - $5,175.

2020-2021. University of New Brunswick (Work Study Program). Title: Optimizing Tuberculosis Screening for Newcomers to southern New Brunswick. PI: I. C. Shamputa - $750

2020-2024. Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI) / NBHRF / PETL / Bird Construction / New Brunswick Innovation Foundation (NBIF). Exceptional Opportunities Fund - COVID-19. Title: University of New Brunswick Long-term Care Simulation Lab. Co-PIs: R. McCloskey & K. Furlong, Co-I’s: I. C. Shamputa & L. Nagle - Total - $418,565; [$200,000 (CFI), $50,000 (NBHRF), $50,000 (PETL), $50,000 (Bird Construction), $68565 (NBIF)]

2021-2022. Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour (PETL). Title: Mawoluhkhotipon Ally & Safe Space Program for Wabanaki & Indigenous Peoples. Co-PIs: C. Hamilton & M. Law, co-I’s: I. C. Shamputa & L. Waycott -$ 48,675.

2020-2021. Atlantic Region Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing. Research Grants Awards. Title: Exploring interprofessional practice and collaboration experiences of post-licensure graduates from the Tucker Park health professions programs. Co-PI’s: I. C. Shamputa, S. Doucet, & A. Luke, co-I’s: M. Nicolson, T. Fournier, J. Doucet, L. Waycott, M. Hatfield, D. Dupont, C. Bishop & B. Lydon - $2,000.

2020-2022. University of New Brunswick. University Research Fund Explore 2020. Title: Proposal for the First Phase of a latent tuberculosis infection screening program for newcomers in Southern New Brunswick using Community-led Champions. PI: I. C. Shamputa - $7,000.

2020-2021. Community Foundations of Canada. Emergency Community Support Fund. Title: Pilot Project: Healing HeARTS for Youth. P. Pastirik (PI), Co-I’s: I. C. Shamputa, D. Dupont, R. Moir & B. Watson - $9,450.

2020-2021. Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) / NBHRF. Catalyst Grant: Patient-Oriented Research. Title: Determining research priorities to improve the integration of care for individuals with complex care needs and their caregivers in New Brunswick. Co-PIs: S. Doucet & A. Luke, Team of 26 Co-I’s/collaborators across disciplines (my role: Co-I) – Total: $120,000; [$100,000 (CIHR) and $20,000 (NBHRF)].

Publications

Book chapters

Shamputa IC, Cho SN, Lebron J, Via LE. 2016. Introduction & epidemiology of tuberculosis. In “Many Host of Mycobacteria: Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and other Mycobacterial Diseases of Man and Animals.” CABI Publishing. 2015. ISBN: 9781780643960.

Portaels F, Rigouts L, Shamputa IC, van Deun A, Aziz MA. 2006. TB drug resistance in the world. In Reichman and Hershfield’s Tuberculosis: A comprehensive international approach. 3rd Ed., Part B. Raviglione M (ed.), Informa Healthcare. New York. 823-849.

Chemlal K, Shamputa IC, El Aila N, Rigouts L, Portaels F. 2005. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP); application for mycobacteria typing. In: Fusch J, Padda M, (eds.). Encyclopedia of Medical Genomics and Proteomics. New York. Marcel Dekker. 1135-1141.

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Shamputa IC, Law MA, Kelly C, Nguyen DTK, Burdo T, Umar J, Barker K, Webster D. (2023). Tuberculosis related barriers and facilitators among immigrants in Atlantic Canada: A qualitative study. PLOS Global Public Health. 3(6): e0001997.

Yang B, Kelly C, Shamputa IC, Barker K, & Nguyen DTM. (2023). Healthcare Barriers of Temporary Foreign Workers and Refugees: A Rapid Review Focusing on Interpersonal and Structural Factors. Healthcare. 11(9), 1295.

Stanton ZW, Law MA, Shamputa IC, Webster D, Barker K. (2023). Increasing Awareness of Low Incidence Disease as Immigration Rates Increase: A Recent Case of Pott’s Disease in Atlantic Canada. Canadian Journal of Medicine. Canadian Journal of Medicine. 5(1): 1-7. doi: 10.33844/cjm.2023.6026.

Gibbons C, Shamputa IC, Le M & McCloskey R. (2023). Strategies used in Canadian Nursing Programs to Prepare Students for NCLEX-RN® Licensure Exam. Healthcare (Basel). 11(4), 613.

Law MA, Pastirik P, & Shamputa IC. (2023). Expressive Arts for Grieving Youth: A Pilot Project. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine. 8(1):19; doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2301009.

Plant E, McCloskey R, Fraser J, Shamputa IC, Chandra K, Pishe T, Price P, & Atkinson P. (2023). Nursing Home Residents Use of Radiography Services in Atlantic Canada: A Case for Mobile Radiography. Healthcare Policy. 18(3); 31-46; doi:10.12927/hcpol.2023.27036.

Shamputa IC, Luke A, Kelly C, Waycott L, Bishop C, Doucet J, Hatfield M, Dupont D, Lydon B, Fournier T, Nicholson M, & Doucet S. (2023). Value of pre-licensure interprofessional education on post-licensure interprofessional collaboration: Perceptions and experiences of practicing professionals. Journal of Interprofessional Care. 1–5. Advance online publication (3 Jan 2023).

Shamputa IC, Nguyen DTK, Burdo T, Dao G, Gharbiya L, Burns M, Haycox G, MacKenzie H, Barker K, & Webster D. (2022). Canadian immigrants’ awareness and perceptions of TB infection and TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 26(5):454-456.

Shamputa IC, Nguyen, DTK, Higazy D, Abdelhadi A, MacKenzie H, Reddin M, Barker K, & Webster D. (2022). Optimizing tuberculosis screening for immigrants in southern New Brunswick: A pilot study Protocol. PLOS ONE 17(11): e0277255.

Shamputa IC, Kek B, Waycott L, Fournier T, McCarville S, Doucet J, Gaudet DJ & Nicholson M. (2022). Exploring the efficacy of a virtual first year Interprofessional Education Event. Healthcare (Basel). 10(8):1539.

Law MA, Pastirik P, & Shamputa IC. (2021). Expressive Art Therapy with Vulnerable Youth: Loss, Grief and Social Isolation. Journal of Loss and Trauma, doi: 10.1080/15325024.2021.1974720

Nagel DA, Keeping-Burke L, & Shamputa IC. (2021). Concept Analysis and Proposed Definition of Community Health Centre. Journal of Primary Care and Community Health. 12:21501327211046436. doi: 10.1177/21501327211046436

Byrne AS, Goudreau A, Bissonnette N, Shamputa IC, Tahlan K. (2020). Methods for detecting mycobacterial mixed strain infections - a systematic review. Frontiers in genetics. 11(600692). doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.600692

Cegielski JP, Kurbatova E, van der Walt M, Brand J, Ershova J, Tupasi T, Campos Caoili J, Dalton T, Contreras C, Yagui M, Bayona J, Kvasnovsky C, Leimane V, Kuksa L, Chen MP, Via LE, Hwang SH, Wolfgang M, Volchenkov GV, Somova T, Smith SE, Akksilp S, Wattanaamornkiet W, Kim HJ, Kim CK, Kazennyy BY, Khorosheva T, Kliiman K, Viiklepp P, Jou R, Huang AS, Vasilyeva IA, Demikhova OV, Lancaster J, Odendaal R, Diem L, Perez TC, Gler T, Tan K, Bonilla C, Jave O, Asencios L, Yale G, Suarez C, Walker AT, Norvaisha I, Skenders G, Sture I, Riekstina V, Cirule A, Sigman E, Cho SN, Cai Y, Eum S, Lee J, Park S, Jeon D, Shamputa IC, Metchock B, Kuznetsova T, Akksilp R, Sitti W, Inyapong J, Kiryanova EV, Degtyareva I, Nemtsova ES, Levina K, Danilovits M, Kummik T, Lei YC, Huang WL, Erokhin VV, Chernousova LN, Andreevskaya SN, Larionova EE, Smirnova TG. (2016). Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes in relation to treatment, initial and acquired second-line drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 62(4):418-30. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ910.

Merker M, Blin C, Mona S, Duforet-Frebourg N, Lecher S, Willery E, Blum M, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Mokrousov I, Aleksic E, Allix-Béguec C, Antierens A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Ballif M, Barletta F, Beck HP, Barry CE, Bonnet M, Borroni E, Campos-Herrero I, Cirillo D, Cox H, Crowe S, Crudu V, Diel R, Drobniewski F, Fauville-Dufaux M, Gagneux S, Ghebremichael S, Hanekom M, Hoffner S, Jiao WW, Kalon S, Kohl TA, Kontsevaya I, Lillebæk T, Maeda S, Nikolayevskyy V, Rasmussen M, Rastogi N, Samper S, Sanchez-Padilla E, Savic B, Shamputa IC, Shen A, Sng L-H, Stakenas P, Toit K, Varaine F, Vukovic D, Wahl C, Warren R, Supply P, Niemann S, & Wirth T. (2015). Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage. Nat Genet. 47(3):242-249. doi: 10.1038/ng.3195.

Cegielski P, Dalton T, Yagui M, Wattanaamornkiet W, Volchenkov GV), Via L, Van Der Walt M, Tupasi T, Smith SE, Odendaal Ronel, Leimane V, Kvasnovsky C, Kuznetsova T, Kurbatova E, Kummik T, Kuksa L, Kliiman K, Kiryanova EV, Kim HJ, Kim Ck, Kazennyy BY, Jou R, Huang WL, Ershova J, Erokhin VV, Contreras C), Cho SN, Chernousova LN, Chen MP, Caoili JC, Bayona J, Akksilp S, Yale G, Wolfgang M, Viiklepp P, Vasilieva IA, Taylor A, Tan K, Suarez C, Sture I, Somova T, Smirnova TG, Skenders G, Sitti W, Shamputa IC, Vija R, Perez MTC, Park SK, Norvaisha I, Nemtsova ES, Metchock B, Levina K, Lei YC, Lee JS, Lee HJ, Larionova EE, Lancaster J, Jeon, DS, Jave O, Kim SY, Khorosheva T, Hwang SH, Huang AS-E, Gler MT, Dravniece G, Eum, SY, Diem L, Demikhova OV, Degtyareva I, Danilovits M, Cirula A, Cho EJ, Cai Y, Brand J, Bonilla C, , Andrey B, Barry III CE, Asencios L, Andreevskaya SN, Akksilp R. 2014. Extensive drug resistance acquired during treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 59(8):1049-1063. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu572.

Malama S, Muma J, Munyeme M, Mbulo G, Muwonge A, Shamputa IC, Djønne B, Godfroid J, Johansen TB. 2014. Isolation and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from humans and cattle in Namwala district, Zambia. Ecohealth. doi: 10.1007/s10393-014-0940-0.

Song TS, Park Y, Shamputa IC, Seo SH, Lee SY, Jeon HS, Lee JS, Choi HJ, Lee MS, Glynne R, Barnes W, Walker J, Batalov S, Yusim K, Feng S, Shung C, Via LE, Boshoff HIM, Korber B, Barry 3rd CE, Cho SN. 2014. Fitness costs of rifampicin‐resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are amplified under stringent conditions and compensated by mutation in the β’ subunit of RNA polymerase. Mol. Microbiol. 91(6):1106-19. doi: 10.1111/mmi.12520.

Cho EJ, Shamputa IC, Kwak KH, Lee JI, Lee MS, Hwang SH, Jeon DS, Kim CT, Cho SN, Via LE, Barry 3rd CE, Lee JS. 2013. Utility of the REBA MTB-Rifa(R) Assay for early detection of rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and correlation with multi-drug resistance. BMC Infec. Dis. 13(1):478.

Dalton T, Cegielski P, Akksilp S, Asencios L, Bonilla, Brand, Campos J, Cho SN, Contreras, Egos G, Erokhin VV, Ershova J, Gler MT, Kazeonny BY, Kim HJ, Kliiman K, Kummik T, Kurbatova E, Kvasnovsky C, Leimane V, Sitti W, Skenders G, Tupasi T, van der Walt M, Via LE, Volchenkov GV, Wolfgang M, Yagui MA, Akksilp R, Andreevskaya SN, Barry 3rd CE, Bayona J, Cai Y, Chen M, Chernousova LN, Cho EJ, Demikhova OV, Degtiareva I, Diem L, Eum SY, Nemtsova ES, Hwang SH, Jave O, Jeon DS, Kang HS, Khorosheva T, Kim CK, Kirianova EV, Kim SY, Kuksa L, Kuznetsova T, Kwak HK, Lancaster J, Larionova EE, Lee HJ, Lee JS, Levina K, Metchock B, Min JH, Min SY, Norvaisha I, Odendaal R, Parillona G, Perez MTC, Shamputa IC, Smirnova TG, Somova T, Sture I, Suarez C, Tan K, Taylor A, Valencia E, Vasilieva IA, Viiklepp P, Vorobyeva AV, Wattanaamornkiet W, Yale G. 2012. Second-line drug resistance among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: prevalence and risk factors. Lancet. 380:1406-1417.

Layre E, Hong SH, Sweet L, Madigan CA, Desjardins D, Young DC, Cheng TY, Annand JW, Kim K, Shamputa IC, McConnell MJ, Debono CA, Behar SM, Minnaard AJ, Murray M, Barry CE, Matsunaga I, Moody DB. 2011. A comparative lipidomics platform for chemotaxonomic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem. Biol. 18:1537-1549.

Bang H, Park S, Hwang J, Jin H, Cho E, Kim DY, Song T, Shamputa IC, Via LE, Barry CE 3rd, Cho SN, Lee H. 2011. Improved rapid molecular diagnosis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis using a new reverse hybridization assay, REBA MTB-MDR. J Med Microbiol 60:1447-1454. Mulenga C, Mwakazanga D, Vereecken K, Khondowe S, Kapata N, Shamputa IC, Meulemans H, Rigouts L. 2010. Management of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in an urban setting in Zambia: a patient’s perspective. BMC Public Health 10:756.

Mulenga C, Shamputa IC, Mwakazanga D, Kapata N, Portaels F, Rigouts L. 2010. Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in Ndola, Zambia. BMC Infect Dis. 10:177.

Mulenga C, Chonde A, Bwalya IC, Kapata N, Kakungu-Simpungwe M, Docx S, Fissette K, Shamputa IC, Portaels F, Rigouts L. 2010. Low occurrence of drug resistance among pulmonary tuberculosis patients from an urban setting, with a long-running DOTS program in Zambia. Tuberc Res & Treat. Article ID 938178; doi:10.1155/2010/938178.

Shamputa IC, Lee JS, Allix-Béguec C., Cho EN, Lee JI, Rajan V, Lee EG, Min JH, Carroll MW, Goldfeder LC, Kim JH, Kang HS, Hwang HS, Eum SY, Park SK, Lee HY, Supply P, Cho SN, Via LE, Barry CE 3rd. 2010. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a tertiary tuberculosis hospital in South Korea. J Clin Microbiol. 48: 387-394.

Via L, Cho SN, Hwang SH, Park SK, Kang HS, Jeon DS, Min SY, Bang HE, Oh TG, Kim Y, Lee HY, Kim YM, Rajan V, Shamputa IC, Carroll M, Goldfeder L, Lee SA, Holland SM, Eum SY, Barry, CE 3rd. 2010. Polymorphisms associated with resistance and cross-resistance amongst aminoglycosides and capreomycin in South Korean patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 48: 402-411.

Munyeme M, Rigouts L, Shamputa IC, M, Muma JB, Tryland M, Skjerve E, Djonne B. 2009. Isolation and characterization of Mycobacterium bovis strains from indigenous Zambian cattle using Spacer oligonucleotide typing technique. BMC Microbiology. 9:144.

Zelazny AM, Root JM, Shea YR, Colombo RE, Shamputa IC, Stock F, Conlan S, McNulty S, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace Jr, RJ, Olivier KN, Holland SM, Sampaio EP. 2009. Molecular identification and typing of Mycobacterium abscessus, M. massiliense and M. bolletii: a cohort study. J Clin Microbiol. 47:1985-1995.

Affolabi D, Faïhun F, Anyo G, Sanoussi N, Shamputa IC, Rigouts L, Kestens L, Anagonou S, Portaels F. 2009. Possible Outbreak of Streptomycin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing in Benin. Emerg Infect Dis. 15:1123-1125.

Affolabi D, Anyo G, Faïhun F, Sanoussi N, Shamputa IC, Rigouts L, Kestens L, Anagonou S, Portaels F. 2009. First Molecular Epidemiology study of tuberculosis in Benin. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 13:317-322.

Jugheli L, Rigouts L, Shamputa IC, de Rijk W-B, Portaels F. 2008. High levels of resistance to second-line antimycobacterial drugs among prisoners with pulmonary tuberculosis in Georgia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 12:561-566.

Umubyeyi A, Rigouts L, Shamputa IC, Dediste A, Struelens M, Portaels F. 2008. Low levels of second-line drug resistance among multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates from Rwanda. Int J Infect Dis. 12:152-156.

Umubyeyi A, Shamputa IC, Portaels F, Stas G, Dediste A, Zissis G, Karita E, Struelens M. 2007. Evidence of ‘amplifier effect’ in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: report of three cases. Inter J Infect Dis. 11:508- 512.

Umubyeyi AN, Shamputa IC, Rigouts L, Deditse A, Karita E, Struelens M, Portaels F. 2007. Molecular investigation of recurrent tuberculosis in Rwanda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 11:860-867.

Shamputa IC, van Deun A, Salim AH, Hossain A, Rigouts L and Portaels F. 2007. Endogenous reactivation and true treatment failure are the main causes of recurrent tuberculosis in a high incidence setting with a low HIV infection. Trop Med Int Health. 12:700-708.

Umubyeyi AN, Rigouts L, Shamputa IC, Fissette K, Elkrim Y, de Rijk (W.B) P, Struelens MJ, F. Portaels. 2007. Limited Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Rwanda: Results of a National Survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 59:1031-1033.

Traore H, van Deun A, Shamputa IC, Rigouts L, Portaels F. 2006. Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex DNA and rifampin resistance in clinical specimens from tuberculosis patients by the Line Probe Assay; a Large Scale Study. J Clin Microbiol. 44:4384-4388. Shamputa IC, Jugheli L, Sadradze N, Willery E, Portaels F, Supply P, Rigouts L. 2006. Mixed infection and clonal representativeness of a single sputum sample in tuberculosis from a penitentiary hospital in Georgia. Respir Res. 7:99.

Mokhethi SZ, Rigouts L, Khumalo MJ, Shamputa C, Matebesi SZ, van Rensburg HCJ. 2005. DNA fingerprinting analyses of M. tuberculosis-complex isolates from the Free State, South Africa, as part of a multidisciplinary study. Acta Acad Supp. 1:82-109.

Shamputa IC, Rigouts L, Portaels F. 2004. Molecular genetic methods for diagnosis and antibiotic resistance detection of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. APMIS. 112:728-752.

Shamputa IC, Rigouts L, Eyongeta LA, El Aila NA, van Deun A, Salim AH, Willery E, Locht C, Supply P, Portaels F. 2004. Genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. J Clin Microbiol. 42:5528-36. Erratum in: J Clin Microbiol. 2005. 43:1015.

Colebunders R, Apers L, Shamputa IC. 2004. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: Correspondence. Lancet. 363:1240.

Kotlowski R, Shamputa IC, El Aila NA, Sajduda A, Rigouts L, van Deun A, Portaels F. 2004. PCR-based genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using new GC-rich repeated sequences and IS6110 inverted repeats as primers. J Clin Microbiol. 42:372-377.

Quick RE, Kimura A, Thevos A, Tembo M, Shamputa I, Hutwagner L, Mintz E. 2002. Diarrhoea prevention through household-level water disinfection and safe storage in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 66:584-589.

Gomez A, Mve-Obiang A, Vray B, Rudnicka W, Shamputa IC, Portaels F, Meyers W, Fonteyne P-A, Realini L. 2000. Detection of phosholipase C in nontuberculous mycobacteria and its possible role in hemolytic activity. J Clin Microbiol. 39:1396-1401.