Physics

Students should note that in the Science Faculty the minimum acceptable grade in a course which is required by a particular program or is used to meet a prerequisite, is a "C". Any student who fails to attain a "C" or better in such a course must repeat the course (at the next regular session) until a grade of "C" or better is attained. Students will not be eligible for graduation until such deficiencies are removed. The only exception will be granted for a single course with a D grade that is a normal part of the final year of that program, and is being taken for the first time in the final year.

NOTE: See the beginning of Section H for abbreviations, course numbers and coding.

Not all courses are offered every year. Consult with the Department concerning availability of courses from year to year.

PHYS 1051, PHYS 1052, PHYS 1091 , PHYS 1092 are prerequisites for second year physics courses. PHYS 1061 or PHYS 1071 may count in place of PHYS 1051 and PHYS 1062 or PHYS 1072 in place of PHYS 1052. Note that credit can only be obtained for one of PHYS 1051 and PHYS 1091. PHYS 1061 and PHYS 1091, PHYS 1071 and PHYS 1091 or PHYS 1081 . However, for students wishing to transfer from engineering PHYS 1081 and EE 1813 may replace First Year Physics i.e. PHYS 10511052, 1091, 1092 (or equivalently PHYS 1061, 1062, 1071, 1072, 1091, 1092).

Courses with a 5 for the first digit are advanced courses, which may be taken only with the permission of the instructor.

PHYS1051Introductory Physics I3 ch (3C 1T)
An introduction to the branch of physics called mechanics. Mechanics is the study both of how objects move and why they move the way they do. Describing the motion of objects requires understanding the basic kinematic quantities position, displacement, velocity and acceleration, as well as the connection between them. Understanding the causes of motion can be achieved by considering the forces acting on the object and/or by focusing on the conserved properties of the system (momentum, energy, angular momentum).


Co-requisite: MATH 1003 or MATH 1053.
NOTE: Credit can be obtained for only one of PHYS 1051, PHYS 1061, PHYS 1071, or PHYS 1081.

PHYS1052Introductory Physics II3 ch (3C 1T)
Introduces wave phenomena and electricity and magnetism. Throughout, the concepts related to motion learned in Introductory Physics I are used to describe and explain new phenomena. The study of waves introduces the student to propagating, periodic disturbances. In addition to their importance in mechanical phenomena (e.g., seismic waves), waves form the basis of both optics and acoustics. The study of electricity and magnetism introduces the student to the concept of charge and to the effects of charges on their surroundings (fields and forces).

Prerequisites: PHYS 1051, PHYS 1061, PHYS 1071, or PHYS 1081, MATH 1003 or MATH 1053. It is recommended that students intending to take Physics courses beyond Introductory Physics should take MATH 1013 or MATH 1063 as a co-requisite to this course. NOTE: Credit can be obtained for only one of PHYS 1052, PHYS 1062, or PHYS 1072.
PHYS1081Foundations of Physics for Engineers5 ch (3C 3L)

An introduction to the fundamentals of mechanics. Vector analysis and its application to the analysis of the motion of particles and rigid bodies. Newton's three laws of motion. The kinematics and dynamics of particle motion along straight and curved paths. Work, energy, impulse and momentum of particles and rigid bodies. An introduction to the rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, moments of inertia, angular momentum. Simple Harmonic Motion. 

Co-requisites: (MATH 1003 or MATH 1053), (MATH 1503, or MATH 2213, or equivalent). NOTE: Credit can be obtained in only one of PHYS 1061 and PHYS 1091, PHYS 1071 and PHYS 1091 or PHYS 1081. 

PHYS1091Experiments in Introductory Physics - I2 ch (3L)

This course provides the student hands-on experience with concepts covered in PHYS 1051.

Co-requisite: PHYS 1051

PHYS1092Experiments in Introductory Physics - II2 ch (3L)

This course provides the student hands-on experience with concepts covered in PHYS 1052

Prerequisite: PHYS 1091 or PHYS 1081.

Co-requisite: PHYS 1052

PHYS1803Physics and Society (O)3 ch (3C) (W)

This course aims to investigate the two way interaction between society and physics. The ideas of physics have percolated into the collective consciousness both as scientific knowledge and as cultural reference points and various new technologies can be identified as originating in physics research. However, physics also has to deal with how it is perceived as a discipline and how physicists are perceived as trustworthy authorities. Open to students in all faculties. No mathematics beyond basic high school algebra and geometry is needed. Content. Introduction to the philosophy of science and the scientific method, introduction to the major scientific ideas that have shaped our society and the world. 

PHYS2311Mechanics I3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course is an important - and big! - first step away from the tremendously simplified problems that we have dealt with both in introductory university physics and in high school. We introduce the integration of greater mathematical sophistication in the treatment of physical situations, showing that comfort with a variety of mathematical techniques will allow us to study a greater range of - and more interesting - problems. Furthermore, this course serves to show that familiarity with the powerful Newtonian toolchest, which we have been using since high school, allows us to approach complicated, realistic situations with confidence. The inclusion of special relativity challenges us to think beyond the familiar. Content. Special relativity (including elements related to the development of the theory), advanced Newtonian kinematics and dynamics (translational and rotational), conservation principles.

Prerequisites: MATH 1003 or MATH 1053 and MATH 1013 or MATH 1063 plus PHYS 1061, PHYS 1062, PHYS 1091, PHYS 1092 or equivalent.

Co-requisite: MATH 2003 or equivalent. 

PHYS2312Mechanics II3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course introduces an entirely new approach to mechanics, one that is more elegant and more powerful but less intuitive than the Newtonian approach to which we have been exposed thus far. This is the last compulsory mechanics course and, therefore, includes the classical mechanics background for the quantum mechanics stream. Some computational exercises are included (e.g. the use of numerical differential equation solvers). Content. Mechanics in non-inertial reference frames, calculus of variations, Lagrangian mechanics, two-body, central force problems (orbital motion), rotational motion of rigid bodies, an introduction to Hamiltonian mechanics. 

Prerequisites: PHYS 2311, MATH 2003 or equivalent.

Co-requisite: MATH 2013 or equivalent. 

PHYS2327Circuits & Elementary Electronics5 ch (4C/L)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. Understanding circuits and basic electronics is essential for any physicist who will develop or simply use measuring devices. This course moves beyond the simple DC circuits involving resistors and capacitors seen in introductory physics. It introduces the basic elements of the many electronic devices which we use every day, then shows how to combine these elements when designing simple circuits. This topic is particularly well-suited to hands-on learning. The course is experiential in design with more time devoted to manipulations than to lecture. Through the experimental work involved in learning about basic electronics, we are introduced to and become comfortable with essential measurement apparati (multimeters, oscilloscopes, etc). The understanding of basic electronics and measuring devices gained from this course will serve to enhance all future laboratory work: the equipment will not distract us from the physical phenomena which we are studying and we will understand how to best use the equipment and appreciate its limitations. This course also introduces some computational techniques for circuit analysis e.g. in the solution of simultaneous linear equations. Content. AC circuits, operational amplifiers, diodes and other pertinent topics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 1061, PHYS 1062, PHYS 1091, PHYS 1092 or equivalent, PHYS 2331

Co-requisite: MATH 2013 or equivalent. 

PHYS2331Research Skills3 ch (3C) (W)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course helps us to acquire skills needed to do research. These include two different aspects: (1) how to deal with experimental limitations (2) how to read and write scientific documents. The skills acquired in this course are subsequently applied in other courses. In all future experimental work, we will treat experimental limitations properly and fully. In all future courses involving reports, written work will meet or exceed the standards established in the Research Skills course. The title of this course emphasises the fact that the programme does more than fill us with physics facts. This is also an opportunity to review other skills, which are developed by the programme (problem solving strategies, approximation, presentation skills, index/abstract searching, etc.). All of these skills are generally applicable in physics & beyond. Content. Uncertainty analysis, Data processing and analysis, Reading and understanding technical literature, Technical writing. 

Prerequisites: PHYS 1061, PHYS 1062, PHYS 1091, PHYS 1092 or equivalent, MATH 1003, MATH 1013 or equivalent. 

Co-requisite: MATH 2003 or equivalent. 

PHYS2342Thermal Physics3 ch (3C)

This course includes some experimental work that supports the lecture material.
Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course furnishes us with classical thermodynamics and a little about properties of materials. We have heard that “energy is conserved” and even have an appreciation of how important this principle is, but in first year mechanics energy is often apparently “lost” when friction does work. Here, at last , we introduce a complete formulation for energy conservation, comparing the work defined in first year with heat as a means of energy transfer. We discuss transformations of energy in a variety of processes, then go on to explain that not all of the energy is available for doing mechanical work. The theoretical framework of classical thermodynamics is beautifully self-contained, but this course also emphasises the link between the microscopic world of the kinetic theory (drawing on Newtonian mechanics as it does so) and the macroscopic world of the everyday, in preparation for the statistical thermodynamics to follow.
Content. Gases (ideal and real) and pressure, phases and phase diagrams, the state of a system, what is energy?, heat and work, first, second and third laws of thermodynamics, entropy, enthalpy and free energies, heat engines, refrigerators, heat pumps and efficiency, phase transitions, introductory kinetic theory.

Prerequisites: PHYS 1061, PHYS 1062, PHYS 1091, PHYS 1092 or equivalent, MATH 1003, MATH 1013 or equivalent.

Co-requisite: MATH 2003 or equivalent.

PHYS2351Quantum Physics3 ch (3C)

This course includes some experimental work that supports the lecture material.
Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course lays the necessary foundations for thinking about phenomena on very small spatial scales. This course calls on many concepts learned in introductory physics: position, momentum, energy, angular momentum, vibrations, waves. It casts many of them in a new light, at times requiring modification of the classical definition of these quantities. Quantum Physics serves as the foundation for the more in–depth learning of the tools of quantum mechanics presented in the Quantum Mechanics trio of courses and the courses which follow from these. In addition, Quantum Physics is essential background for the study of astrophysics and atmospheric physics.
Content. Particle properties of waves: blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect; wave properties of particles: de Broglie waves, Davisson-Germer experiment, the uncertainty principle; old atomic theory: atomic spectra, Rutherford’s model, Bohr’s model, spontaneous and stimulated transitions, lasers; quantum mechanics: the Schrodinger equation, mathematical tools; quantum mechanical examples: square wells and barriers, quantum tunnelling and its applications; quantum theory of atoms.

Prerequisites: PHYS 1061, PHYS 1062, PHYS 1091, PHYS 1092 or equivalent, MATH 1003, MATH 1013 or equivalent.

Co-requisite: MATH 2003 or equivalent.

PHYS2372Waves3 ch (3C)

This course includes some experimental work that supports the lecture material. Role within programme and connections to other courses. Oscillations and waves are key elements to understanding many subfields and applications of physics. Acoustics, optics and electromagnetism (telecommunications) are obvious examples, but waves are also essential to understanding quantum mechanics (the Schrödinger formalism), some atmospheric phenomena, seismic phenomena and fluid mechanics. Content. Oscillatory motion, waves applications to optics and acoustics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 2311, MATH 2003 or equivalent.

Co-requisite: MATH 2013 or equivalent. 

PHYS2603Work Term Report ICR
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term. A component of the grade will be the employer's evaluation of the student. (Student's must have a GPA of 2.7 or better for PHYS COOP placement.)
PHYS2703Physics Outreach & Education (O)3 ch (3C) (W)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course is meant to help us develop the skills needed to communicate with non-specialists concerning physics. Given that most physics research is ultimately paid for by the public, it behooves physicists to communicate effectively with those who are funding their work, for the benefit of both parties. The goal of such communication is two-fold: (1) to insure that the general public is physics literate and therefore able to enter into a discourse about the science, and (2) to insure that the next generation of university students is exposed to physics in such a way that they can make an informed choice about whether or not their academic and career paths should include physics.
Content. Topics may include: science journalism, science museums and exhibits, outreach to schools and other groups, physics education and physics education research.

Prerequisites: PHYS 1061, PHYS 1062, PHYS 1091, PHYS 1092 or equivalent and one year of university physics.

PHYS2902Environmental Physics (O)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. With the population of the planet increasing and the natural resources decreasing, it is more important than ever to understand the manner in which those resources can and are being used as well as the environmental impacts of those uses. In addition, part of understanding those impacts is understanding how measurements of impacts are made. By focussing on applications of physics to environmental matters, this course contributes to the synthesis of concepts and models learned in other courses. Content. The main focus of the course is on matters related to energy, its production, extraction, distribution and use. Topics include hydroelectricity, solar power, nuclear power, fossil fuels, etc. 

Prerequisites: PHYS 1061, PHYS 1071 or PHYS 1081.

PHYS3321Electromagnetism I3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course will be our first major foray into the formalism of electromagnetic theory. A thorough examination of the nature of vector fields and the forces they cause, and scalar fields along with their relationship to energy, will form a connection to earlier discussions started in Mechanics I. The tools studied previously in Intermediate Calculus (vector operations and calculus) and Methods of Theoretical Physics (particularly special functions like Legendre polynomials and spherical harmonics, delta functions, and tensor analysis) will play a significant role here. Content. Interactions between point charges, the nature and calculation of the electric and magnetic fields, the distribution of electric and magnetic fields in space (flux, Gauss’ law, Ampère’s law), reactions of charges and dipoles to applied fields, electrostatic scalar potential and magnetic vector potential, elementary gauge theory, energy storage in static electric and magnetic fields, elementary treatment of fields in materials, fields across boundaries, time dependence of electromagnetic fields, displacement current, the final form of Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves. 

Prerequisites: PHYS 2311, PHYS 3331, MATH 2013 or equivalent. 

PHYS3331Methods of Theoretical Physics3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. In the course of an undergraduate physics programme we employ a variety of theoretical techniques. This course exposes us to theoretical ideas that are widely applicable in electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, classical mechanics and relativity. Special emphasis will be placed on demonstrating the general nature of the topics considered. Content. Non-orthogonal, non-normalised bases, tensors, special functions (general solutions to second order differential equations) and expansions in special functions, integral transforms (Fourier, z-transform, Laplace transform).

Prerequisites: MATH 2213 or equivalent, approved second year physics.

PHYS3336Experimental Physics I3 ch (3L) (EL)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. Various courses contain experiments that are directly related to the material addressed in the lectures, however, in the interest of promoting an understanding of connectivities (avoiding compartmentalisation) and refining research skills, this synthesis course will contain a variety of experiments, many of which integrate concepts learned in diverse courses. Content. The experiments include topics in mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum physics, thermal physics and optics.

Prerequisite: PHYS 2331, PHYS 2327, or permission of the instructor.

PHYS3338Independent Study3 ch (3R)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. Every physics honours student is required to complete one independent study course, to allow the development of critical reading and thinking skills. This course shall be taken no sooner than the beginning of his/her third year and no later than the penultimate term of his/her degree (i.e. the student must know a sufficient amount of physics to allow for a challenging independent study course, and the student should complete this course before working on his/her Advanced Research Project so that the skills developed during the independent study course are of use during the thesis project).
Content. The student will choose among the list of topics for which supervision has been offered or can choose some other topic of interest if (s)he can convince a faculty member to supervise the course.

Prerequisite: Approved 2000-level or 3000-level courses.

PHYS3342Statistical Physics3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course builds from the bottom up (molecules → continuous phases) what Thermal Physics describes from the top down (macroscopic properties → kinetic theory). We reinforce the idea (from Quantum Physics and Quantum Mechanics I) that our macroscopic observations can be based on underlying probabilities, rather than strict determinism. Content. The ensemble basis for basic statistics, equilibrium between interacting systems, the Laws of Thermodynamics (from a microscopic standpoint), classical and quantum statistical distributions, applications of Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, kinetic theory of gases revisited, applications of quantum statistics.

Prerequisite: PHYS 2341.

PHYS3351Quantum Mechanics I3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. The need for and qualities of quantum mechanics have been clearly established in Quantum Physics. This course begins to put quantum mechanics on a formal footing. The approach in QM I is expected to include both wave and matrix techniques.
Content. Mathematical structure of quantum mechanics, Hilbert space, operator algebra; postulates of quantum mechanics, symmetries and conservations; quantum dynamics; general theory of angular momentum, coupling of angular momenta, irreducible tensor operators, Wigner-Eckart theorem; analytical solution of the hydrogen atom; identical particles: spin and statistics, the Pauli exclusion principle and many electron atoms.

Prerequisite: PHYS 2351, PHYS 2312, approved second year mathematics.

Co-requisite: PHYS 3331.

PHYS3371Optics3 ch (3C)

This course includes some experiments that support the lecture material. Role within programme and connections to other courses. Optics is both a field of research in its own right and a topic the tools of which are used by many other branches of physics. This course builds on the basic concepts of wave optics introduced in Waves. It also provides a brief introduction to some concepts of photonics, the quantum treatment of light. Contents. Advanced geometrical optics (e.g. the transition between geometrical and physical optics, the thick lens, Jones’ matrices), Fourier optics.

Prerequisite: PHYS 2372, PHYS 3322.

PHYS3431Space Systems Design I3 ch (3C)
Role within programme and connections to other courses. An introduction to systems design with an emphasis drawn from space missions. Content. Requirements development, trade studies, the project life cycle, system hierarchy, risk analysis, and cost analysis. Topics may include: team working, background mathematics, project lifecycle and requirement, design, optimization, cost, monitoring.

Prerequisite: 
PHYS 2311, PHYS 2342, PHYS 2351, ECE 2722, MATH 3503.


Co-requisites:
PHYS 3321, PHYS 3481.
PHYS3432Space Systems Design II3 ch (3C)
Role within programme and connections to other courses. Details of spacecraft design and development, including typical mission requirements, such as payload and orbit determination, and how these determine choices for the main spacecraft sub-systems and overall spacecraft design. Uses, in connection with the Design Lab, computer-aided design (CAD), numerical modeling and simulation of space systems, the finite element method, and the finite difference method. Content. Subsystems such as power, telemetry, command and control, communications, and thermal control. Mission components such as estimation of the power budget, and different types/classes of satellites and launch vehicles. 

Prerequisites: PHYS 3431.


Co-requisite: PHYS 3437, ECE 3232, ECE 3312.
PHYS3437Space Systems Design Lab3 ch (3C) (EL)
Role within programme and connections to other courses. A simulation and design studio lab in which students will learn to develop and simulate fundamental principles used in the engineering and design of space systems. Students will be using CAD and numerical simulation concepts to design and test different subsystems of a space mission and assemble them properly. The students will also simulate spacecraft guidance, navigation, and control. The lab will introduce students to simulation tools for mission design methodologies, systems engineering, optimization, sensing, estimation, and control. These concepts will be applied to the design and development of a CubeSat using commercially available components.

Prerequisites: PHYS 3481, PHYS 3431.


Co-requisite: PHYS 3432.
PHYS3452Laser Physics3 ch (3C)
Role within programme and connections to other courses. Lasers are ubiquitous in modern technology, from barcode scanners in stores, land survey equipment, to modern communication systems. Provides the theoretical basis for understanding this revolutionary device and reviews various types of lasers and their applications. Content. Electromagnetic waves in resonant cavities, two-level systems, spontaneous and stimulated processes, light amplification, inhomogeneous broadening, properties of lasers such as intensity, polarization, beam waist, wavefront curvature, line shape, and noise sources, Gaussian beams and their propagation, ABCD matrices, and higher-order TEM modes. Additional topics may include an overview of non-linear optical processes such as second-harmonic generation and four-wave mixing. 


Prerequisites:
PHYS 3321, PHYS 2351, PHYS 3351, PHYS 3371, MATH 3503.

Co-requisite: PHYS 4322.
PHYS3481Space Environment3 ch (3C)
Role within programme and connections to other courses. An introduction to the space environment and its impact on space system design, performance, and lifespan. Content. The neutral atmosphere, ionized atmosphere, gravity field, magnetic field, foreign objects, radiations, and orbital perturbation caused by these factors. Examples of topics are the atmospheric drag in the lower Earth orbit, inconsistencies in the Earth’s gravitational field, the effect of radiation on a spacecraft and space mission, the effect of radiation on electronics, and the way the magnetic field of the Earth interacts with space radiation. 

Prerequisites:
PHYS 2311, PHYS 2342, PHYS 2351, ECE 2722.


Co-requisites: MATH 3503, PHYS 3321, PHYS 3431.
PHYS3603Work Term Report IICR
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term. A component of the grade will be the employer's evaluation of the student. (Students must have a GPA of 2.7 or better for PHYS COOP placement.)

Prerequisite
: Work Term Report I in a field of science.
PHYS3752Atomic and Molecular Physics (O)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. For an undergraduate student, atomic and molecular physics is one of the most fundamental applications of quantum mechanics in the curriculum. The course provides a firm grounding in quantum angular momentum theory, including spin and angular momentum coupling, and makes extensive use of the matrix approach to quantum physics calculations. The course is linked to all courses in the quantum mechanics stream, and to optics.
Content. Quantum angular momentum concepts, including orbital angular momentum, spin, and angular momentum coupling, the hydrogen atom, including spin-orbit and hyperfine interactions, methods and approaches to multi-electron atoms, topics in molecular physics, including development of the Hamiltonian, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, and the structure of molecular spectra. Usually offered on rotation with Subatomic Physics and Solid State Physics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 3322, PHYS 3351.

PHYS3783Topics in Astrophysics3 ch (3C)
Role within programme and connections to other courses. Armed with the basic understanding acquired from the Astronomy survey course, we dive more deeply into a few topics. Astrophysics is a wonderful  example of how elements from several subfields of physics are brought together to understand a phenomenon. Mechanics, quantum physics, and statistical physics are all involved. We will pull together knowledge acquired in introductory physics (conservation principles, forces, optics) and in the Astronomy course (blackbody radiation and spectral lines, in addition to astronomy basics), and will introduce other elements as required. Content. The specific topics studied will vary from offering to offering, but in all cases, the goal will be to apply physics knowledge to understand celestial phenomena. In addition, an element of familiarisation with current astrophysical research will be included.

Prerequisites: ASTR 1033 and PHYS 1051 + PHYS 1052 or equivalent, or permission from the instructor.
PHYS3852Subatomic Physics (O)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. The study of nuclear and particle physics draws mainly on quantum physics but, due to the semi-empirical nature of many of the nuclear models used, it also draws heavily on basic electromagnetism and other branches of physics. An understanding of nuclear physics is essential for work related to radiation therapy, in the nuclear energy sector, and in some branches of astrophysics. As for particle physics, as well as being a field in its own right, it has become inextricably linked to research in cosmology.
Content. Some overlap of topics with environmental physics and medical physics is to be expected, but the approach and depth will differ greatly. Exact content will be at the instructor’s discretion allowing the course to focus sometimes more on applications of nuclear physics, sometimes more on particle physics, etc. Usually offered on rotation with Atomic & Molecular Physics and Solid State Physics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 3351.

PHYS3883Atmospheric Physics (A)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. Atmospheric events and processes have an impact on and are impacted by human activity, making atmospheric physics a topic of great societal relevance. The study of the atmosphere requires consideration of a wide range of spatial scales — from radiation transfer at the atomic level to phenomena on the global level — and a wide range of time scales — from seconds to centuries. Making headway requires an understanding of what processes can and cannot be ignored depending on the scales under consideration. In addition to providing an introduction to the field of atmospheric physics, this course contributes toward the overall goal of the physics programme by calling on us to combine knowledge from a variety of subfields of physics. Knowledge acquired in thermal physics, in mechanics and in quantum physics (blackbody radiation, spectral lines) must be brought together to develop an understanding of basic atmospheric physics. Content. Structure of the atmosphere, the global energy balance, atmospheric thermodynamics, physics of weather patterns, observational techniques and instrumentation. Usually alternates with Astrophysics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 2312, PHYS 2341, PHYS 2351.

PHYS3892Medical Physics (A)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course introduces our students to a field where there are many opportunities for stimulating and satisfying careers. Medical physics is an application of physics to the particular — and particularly complex — system which is the human body. This course requires an integration of concepts from optics, quantum physics, nuclear physics, electromagnetism, mathematics, etc. Content. Radiation therapy, medical imaging. Usually alternates with Biophysics.

Prerequisite: PHYS 2351.

PHYS3911Mechanics III (O)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This third, elective mechanics course can afford to take a more philosophical approach to Hamiltonian mechanics, while Mechanics II will, of necessity, be more pragmatic. In addition, our tools can now be used in a variety of very sophisticated circumstances.
Content. Topics might include Hamiltonian mechanics with greater reach, canonical transformations, Hamilton-Jacobi theory, action-angle variables, collision theory, non-linear mechanics and chaos, continuum mechanics (Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations, in contrast to the Continuum and Fluid Mechanics course).

Prerequisite: PHYS 2312.

PHYS3912Special Relativity (A)3 ch (3L)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. The Special Theory of Relativity is one of the foundations of modern physics. It underlies our understanding of particle physics and gravitation. This course builds beyond the introduction begun in the Physics course Mechanics I. It is recommended for all physics and mathematics students who wish to pursue the study of particles, fields and gravitation. Content. The course provides an introduction to the physical principles (Lorentz invariance, constancy of the speed of light, equivalence, of mass and energy) and the mathematical underpinnings (Minkowski spacetime, tensors), of the theory of special relativity. This course is cross listed MATH 3463. Credit cannot be obtained for both MATH 3463 and PHYS 3912.

Prerequisites: MATH 2003, PHYS 1062 or equivalent, or permission of the instructor.

Co-requisite: MATH 2013, PHYS 2311.

PHYS3952Solid State Physics (O)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. Solid state physics, also referred to as condensed matter physics, is the study of matter in which a large number of atoms (1023 cm-3) are bound together, forming a dense solid aggregate. It is a fundamental field of physics that leads to such areas and topics as material science, nanotechnology, and superconductivity. In this course, the student will study the structure of solids and how this structure affects such things as their mechanical properties, their thermal properties, and their electronic properties. This course builds on concepts introduced in thermodynamics and statistical physics, as well as quantum mechanics, with links to electromagnetism (e.g. van der Waals forces). Content. Lattice structure and dynamics, electron kinetics and dynamics, applications (e.g. semiconductors, superconductors, magnetic resonance). Usually offered on rotation with Atomic & Molecular Physics and Subatomic Physics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 3351, PHYS 3342.

PHYS3993Biophysics (A)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. The study of biophysics offers a new perspective on physics through application to the biological sciences. It involves the integration of diverse concepts seen in introductory physics as well as elements of thermodynamics and fluid physics. It highlights the usefulness of physical thinking and a physicist’s perspective in the study of biological phenomena. Content. Biomechanics, the optics of vision, sound, hearing & echolocation, fluids in motion, the thermodynamics of life, physics at the cellular level, electricity and magnetism in biological systems. Usually alternates with Medical Physics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 1061, PHYS 1062, PHYS 1091, PHYS 1092 or equivalent plus MATH 1003 or MATH 1053, MATH 1013 or MATH 1063, BIOL 1001.

PHYS4322Electromagnetism II3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This second course on the formalism of electricity and magnetism extends the material from Electromagnetism I, and adds mathematical rigor and sophistication to our toolbox of techniques for electromagnetic problems. Heavier use of the ideas from Methods of Theoretical Physics is made, including Fourier methods and spherical harmonics. At the culmination of this course, we will have been exposed to all of the core ideas in E/M theory except for relativity. The latter and applications will follow in Electromagnetism III. Content. Fields in materials (D and H), polarization and magnetization vectors, polarizability and susceptibility tensors, types of magnetization, gauge theory, and its uses in solution of electromagnetic problems, conservation laws in electromagnetic theory, Poynting's theorem, the Maxwell stress-energy tensor, the Lagrangian for a charged particle in an electromagnetic field, radiation from accelerated charges, retardation effects, generation and propagation of E/M waves, the breakdown of classical electromagnetic theory.

Prerequisites: PHYS 2311, PHYS 3322, PHYS 3331

PHYS4332Computational Physics3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This is a capstone course to demonstrate the use of numerical and simulation techniques in a range of situations taken from across the programme. For instance, numerical solutions to differential equations might be used to look at some examples of chaotic behaviour or Monte-Carlo simulations might be used to look at percolative mass transport problems. Computational techniques have great importance in the modern physical sciences to the extent that some have described it as of equal importance to experimental and theoretical physics (although computational physics may also be considered to have elements of both theoretical and experimental physics, of course). The skills acquired in this course can subsequently be applied in other advanced courses, in particular the Advanced Research Project. Content. Numerical techniques, modelling techniques.

Prerequisites: Approved second year mathematics and third year physics, CS 3113 or equivalent.

PHYS4338Advanced Research Project8 ch (W) (EL)

All physics honours students are required to complete a research project, under the supervision of a member of the department. Honours students in an interdepartmental program with physics may choose to complete their honours project in physics. Non-honours students may complete a research project as an elective. The Advanced Research Project course includes a formal written report and an oral defense, both of which are assessed by committee.

Prerequisites: PHYS 3336, PHYS 3338, permission of the department. 

PHYS4351Quantum Mechanics II3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. The second QM course is not required for the majors programme, but furnishes our honours students with a range of tools allowing them to move beyond hydrogen-like atoms and to explore the applications of quantum mechanics.
Contents. Time independent perturbation theory, non-degenerate and degenerate cases, the Stark effect, fine structure, the Zeeman effect; the variational method, helium atom; the WKB method; time-dependent perturbation theory, Fermi's golden rule, harmonic perturbation, the adiabatic approximation, the Berry phase; a charged particle in EM field, gauge transformation, Landau levels, the Aharonov-Bohm effect; scattering theory: the Lippmann-Schwinger equation, optical theorem, partial wave expansion, phase shifts, effective range expansion, resonances, scattering between identical particles, Coulomb scattering.

Prerequisite: PHYS 3351

PHYS4421Radars and Antennae5 ch (5C/L)
Role within programme and connections to other courses. Introduces basic radar concepts and antenna theory. Content. Basic antenna theory, types of antennas for space applications, estimation of the antenna gain and radiation patterns, antenna selection and design, the radar equation and examples of radar. Radar cross-section, waveform design, antennas, and transmitter and receiver characteristics are discussed. The effect of noise in the detection of the signal and propagation effects such as attenuation, multi-path effects, and ducting are described. Ends by connecting different types of radars to different types of antennas through impedance matching and maximum power transfer concepts. 

Prerequisites: PHYS 4322, MATH 3503, ECE 3511.
PHYS4438Engineering Physics Design Project (Cross-Listed: ENGG 4000)8 ch (W) (EL)
Role within programme and connections to other courses. The capstone project of the engineering physics program. Students are to research and propose a design project that addresses a real-world problem by creating an engineering system, process, or device. Students are expected to work in small teams, exercise creativity, and make decisions based on the knowledge and technical skills they have developed throughout the program. This two-semester course is split into two parts. During this first part of the course, students will define and plan the project, and analyze the design using mathematical modeling. 

Prerequisites: ECE 3312, PHYS 4322, PHYS 3452 or PHYS 3432, registration in the final year of Engineering Physics and consent of their supervisor. 


Co-requisites: PHYS 4823, PHYS 4476 or PHYS 4421.
PHYS4476Optical Systems Design5 ch (5C/L)
Role within programme and connections to other courses.  Lasers and other light sources are rarely used as standalone instruments. They are almost always coupled to several different devices that form an optical system for performing specific tasks. Provides a comprehensive overview of these optical devices, how they work, and what they’re typically used for. Content. Passive devices such as lenses, beam splitters, polarizers; active components such as acousto-optic and electro-optic modulators. Anti-reflection coatings, birefringence, and temperature sensitivity. The comprehensive laboratory component applies the concepts learned in the classroom component to design and construct various optical systems. Students cycle through different experiments that will give them hands-on training with lasers, electronics, and optical instrumentation. Students will also learn how to use optical design software to perform ray tracing and evaluate different optical elements. This software will be an essential part of their future design project.

Prerequisites: ECE 3111, PHYS 3452, PHYS 3336.


Co-requisite: PHYS 4823 or equivalent with permission from course instructor.
PHYS4603Work Term Report IIICR

A written report on the scientific activities of the work term. A component of the grade will be the employer's evaluation of the student. (Students must have a GPA of 2.7 or better for PHYS COOP placement.)

Prerequisite: Work Term Report II in a field of science.

PHYS4722Signal & Image Processing (A)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. Many physics career paths involve signal and image processing of some kind, e.g. seismic data processing, medical imaging, remote sensing (defense, forestry, mining), observational astrophysics, etc. As a result, understanding the possibilities and limitations of various data analysis techniques is a valuable asset for any physics graduate. Content. This course uses data from a variety of applications to illustrate the wide range of applicability of the tools discussed. Usually alternates with Advanced Electronics.

Prerequisite: PHYS 3331

PHYS4823Advanced Electronics (A)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. The world of experimental physics is an electrifying blend of theory and hands-on measurements which relies heavily on a wide array of complex electronic devices. This course builds on Circuits & Elementary Electronics and introduces electronics and instrumentation we encounter through a physics career. The requirement to design and build electronic equipment, to integrate and control multiple components, and to efficiently operate complex instrumentation is fundamental to experimental physics. The goal of this course is to furnish the tools we need to meet these challenges. It includes topics in electronic design, interfacing and control, sensors and detectors, and data acquisition. Content. Multi-component design, amplifiers, filters, PCB design, integrated circuits, digital logic and programmable devices, radio frequency design, interfacing and control, transducers, detectors and receivers, solid state sensors. Usually alternates with Signal & Image Processing. 

Prerequisite: PHYS 2327

PHYS4838Research Project4 ch (W) (EL)

A one-term research project, supervised by a member of the department, assessed on the basis of the research work carried out and a report. Note that no defense is involved (in contrast to the Advanced Research Project).

Prerequisite: PHYS 3336

PHYS4872Plasma Physics (A)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. Plasmas are sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter. In a plasma, charge separation between electrons and ions gives rise to electric fields, and the movements of these charged particles result in currents and magnetic fields. Understanding the behaviour of plasmas involves mechanics, electromagnetism, and thermodynamics, and thus a plasma physics course contributes toward the overall goal of the physics programme by calling on us to combine knowledge from a variety of subfields of physics. Plasmas are found in many branches of physics (e.g. particle physics, condensed matter, astrophysics) and so the knowledge gained in this course will be of great value in many fields.
Content. Single particle motion, trajectories and drift, plasmas as fluids (electron fluid and ion fluid, single fluid magnetohydrodynamics), waves in a fluid plasma. Usually alternates with Continuum & Fluid Mechanics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 2341, PHYS 2372, PHYS 4321

PHYS4922Electromagnetism III3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This course pursues high level extension and application of electromagnetic theory. It connects to and extends relativistic mechanics (started in Mechanics I), and illuminates ideas from atomic/molecular physics, plasma physics and other fields. Content. Magnetohydrodynamics, relativistic four-vectors and four-tensors, force and Minkowski force, covariant formulation of E/M fields, an E/M perspective on quantum field theory.

Prerequisites: PHYS 4321, PHYS 3351

PHYS4933Special Topics in Physics3 ch (3C)

This “course” is included in order to allow for ad hoc courses that might be offered only once. For instance, a visiting professor may have some expertise that s/he could share with the Department, or the student body may request a course about a particular topic that intrigues them. 

Prerequisite: Permission of the department.

PHYS4938Experimental Physics II (O)3 ch (3L)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. Various courses will contain experiments that are directly related to the material addressed in the lectures, however, in the interest of promoting an understanding of connectivities (avoiding compartmentalisation) and refining research skills, this synthesis course will contain a variety of experiments, many of which integrate concepts learned in diverse courses. Content. The experiments will cover a wide variety of topics. 

Prerequisite: PHYS 3336.

PHYS4953Introduction to Quantum Field Theory (Cross-Listed: MATH 4443)3 ch (3C)

Content. Relativistic quantum mechanics. The negative energy problem. Classical field theory, symmetries and Noether's theorem. Free field theory and Fock space quantization. The interacting field: LSZ reduction formula, Wick's theorem, Green's functions, and Feynman diagrams. Introduction to Quantum electrodynamics and renormalization. Credit cannot be obtained for both MATH 4443 and PHYS 4953

Prerequisites: MATH 3003, PHYS 3351, MATH 3463/PHYS 3912 and one of MATH 3043, MATH 3503, PHYS 2312, PHYS 3331, or permission of the instructor. 

PHYS4972Continuum & Fluid Mechanics (A)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. The emphasis of this course will be on how what we know of Newtonian mechanics is carried over into a continuum. This approach helps to emphasise that the tools and knowledge we have already developed can be used to great effect in new situations. In addition to the portability of physical concepts, we will also be able to see some generally useful mathematical tools in a new context (vector calculus in velocity fields being a key example). Content. Volume and surface forces, stress and strain, Hooke’s Law, equation of motion for an elastic solid, longitudinal and transverse waves in a solid, fluid properties, fluid motion. Usually alternates with Plasma Physics.

Prerequisites: PHYS 2312, PHYS 3331

PHYS4983Introduction to General Relativity (Cross-Listed: MATH 4483) (A)3 ch (3C)

Role within the programme and connections to other courses. Along with quantum theory, general relativity is one of the central pillars of modern theoretical physics with wide-ranging implications for astrophysics and high energy physics. The essential idea is that gravitation is a manifestation of the curvature of spacetime rather than a force in Newtonian sense. This course will provide students with a basic working understanding of general relativity and an introduction to important applications such as black holes and cosmology.
Content. Review and geometric interpretation of special relativity; foundations of general relativity; linearized gravity and classical tests; black holes; cosmology. Credit cannot be obtained for both MATH 4483 and PHYS 4983.

Prerequisites: MATH 3463/PHYS 3912, MATH 4473 or permission of the instructor.

PHYS5952Quantum Mechanics III (O)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This advanced quantum mechanics course introduces relativistic quantum mechanics and a variety of modern applications of quantum mechanics. Content. Relativistic quantum mechanics: the Klein-Gordon equation, Lorentz transformation, the Dirac equation, the Dirac solution of the hydrogen atom; quantum theory of radiation: radiation-matter interaction, decays, absorption, stimulated emission, scattering of photons by atoms, the Casimir effect; path integral formulation; quantum entanglement, the EPR paradox, dense coding, quantum teleportation, the Bell inequality.

Prerequisite: PHYS 4351.

PHYS5993Magnetic Resonance Imaging (O)3 ch (3C)

Role within programme and connections to other courses. This advanced course draws upon electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and statistical thermodynamics to provide a capstone topic tied to the department’s research interests. Content. Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, survey of imaging techniques, modern applications of MRI in medicine, biology and materials science.

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor.